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Showing posts with label Agriculture. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Agriculture. Show all posts

Thursday, 6 July 2017

Yam Farming





After harvesting, yams have a resting period for about three to four months throughout the dry season before they make suitable seeds. Disease-free plants produce suitable cuttings for growing yams and need planting before they sprout, usually in August. Gardeners cut tubers crosswise into three pieces. The cuttings lie out for one week to callous over after being washed with Bordeaux mixture, a solution of copper sulfate and lime in water, to protect them from diseases such as tuber rot.

Yams favor loose clay soil with good drainage. Gardeners test soils and adjust pH levels to about 5.5. They plow the planting area and dig trench rows with 3 1/2 feet between them. Gardeners then add compost into the trenches and check the soil for proper drainage. Tuber crops do not grow well in overly wet soils and require loose soil to allow room for drainage and growth.

Cultivation practices

Y am is grown on free draining, sandy and fertile soil, after clearing the first fallow. Land is prepared in the form of mound or ridge or heap of 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) height.
The ya ms recommended for such soil conditions in Nigeria are white y am or white guinea ya m (Discorea rotundata) and water ya m or yellow y am (Discorea alata).
Planting is done by seed ya m or cut setts from ware tubers. One day before planting, the tubers have to be subjected to treatment with wood ash or a fungicide (thiabendazole) to prevent damage to the soils.
The setts are planted at an interval of 15–20 centimetres (5.9–7.9 in) with the cut face facing up. Mulching is essential during October–November with dry grass or plant debris weighed down with balls of mud.
Dosage of fertilizer application, as essential, is decided after chemical analysis of the soil samples. Manual weeding by hoeing is done three or four times depending on the rate of weed growth.
Two Stakes, each of 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) height are used for staking the plants to vine over it; one for two plants with the other used for bracing with the adjacent stakes. Sorghum stovers are also used for this purpose in the savannah land.
Pest and disease control is addressed by cultural control and chemical methods; the pests which affect the plant are nematodes such as root knot Meloidogyne spp. and ya m nematode (Scutellonema bradys), and insects such as y am shoot beetle, y am tuber beetle and crickets.
Weeding of the field is essential and maintaining a 2–3 metres (6 ft 7 in–9 ft 10 in) weed free border around the field is to be ensured. Disease resistant [cultivars] are normally recommended for use. Harvesting is done before the vines become dry and soil becomes dry and hard.
Generally, a yield of 10–15 tonnes per ha for white y am and 16–25 tonnes for water y am are obtained by following prescribed management practices. The harvested ya ms are stored by tying them with ropes.
They have a shelf life of about 5 months. Warehouses where they are stored should be made rodent proof with a metal base and wire netting. Rotten buds and sprouted buds should be removed.

Harvesting
In terms of area harvested, 4.6 million hectares were planted worldwide in 2007, with about 4.3 million in Central and West Africa.
In West and Central Africa tubers are planted between February and April, depending on whether in humid forest or on the savanna, and are harvested 180 to 270 days later.
Care is needed during harvesting to minimize damage to tubers that lead to rot and a decrease in market value. Harvested tubers normally stay dormant (do not develop sprouts) for 30 to 120 days depending on environmental conditions, the date of harvest, and the species. This means that only one crop cycle is possible per year, possibly restricting supply.

Consumption
Yam tubers consist of about 21% dietary fiber and are rich in carbohydrates, vitamin C and essential minerals. Worldwide annual consumption of yams is 18 million tons, with 15 million in West Africa. Annual consumption in West Africa is 61 kilograms per capita. Yams are boiled, roasted, baked or fried. In Africa they are also mashed into a sticky paste or dough after boiling the yam.

Tomato Farming





Tomato farming begins by taking some important steps to play. You have to adhere to the rules of cultivating to stand the chance of making your tomato farming business in Nigeria a lucrative one.
If you decide to start here, you’ll need a farm to start. The following steps show you how to go about it.

  1. Acquire land

This is a place where the plant will be planted and grow. On your business goals, acquire land that meets your demand today and the future. Make sure it’s in an area where it will be suitable for the growth of the tomatoes.
If you’re using your backyard, make sure the soul is the one that will encourage growth. A sunny well-drained part of your garden is the best soil for tomatoes

2. Prepare your land

Start preparing your land by weeding the grasses and making soil bed. Use organic fertilizer to work the land with it. Provide good water supply system and water the land for some days.
Make sure the PH level is around 6.0 to 6.8. PH is the measure of the soil acidity or alkalinity.
You may want to include greenhouse tomato farming business. These makes it easier for you to target the farming season all year round.

3. Acquire and plant your tomato

The tomato seed comes in a sealed sachet with all the instruction on it. If you don’t understand anything, you can ask the person who an expert. Normally you can get the seedling in any of the ministries of agriculture closer to you and you’ll get the expert support there.
The tomato seed is started indoor, whether it’s meant for the greenhouse. This is because the tomato seed needs at least 60 degrees and 80 degrees for the seed to germinate.
This is because it’s a tropical plant and any temperature below 32 degrees Fahrenheit kills the plan or makes germination impossible.
The seed is planted using in a nursery. Normally, the planting period mostly favorable for tomato is around March or April, when there are heat and the rain has started f
The nursery will require at least 4 hours of exposure to sunlight to encourage the seed germination.

4. Acquire knowledge

You’ll need some knowledge about the farming methods. Sometimes you’ll need to hear it from those who are in the field doing it. Search and read also from the internet, anything you can get your hands on related to tomatoes read it.

5. Tomato farming varieties

To grow the tomato, you need to know the tomato farming varieties. Here are some of the varieties.
Cherry tomatoes-Great for making salads and snacking on a whole. They are the first to mature because the fruit is small.
Beefsteak tomatoes-One of the biggest tomato out there and with a great flavor. This type people sometimes take it as apple and best use in making sandwiches.
Sauce tomatoes- Has lower water content. Best use for making spaghetti sauce.
Sauce tomatoes (Roma)- The most popular one in the marketplace in Nigeria. This has a long shelf live because of the lower water content. Majority start there tomato farming in Nigeria with sauce tomatoes.

6. Transplanting your tomato

Your tomato is ready for transplanting when they’re 3 to 4 inches tall in the nursery. For the transplanting to take place effectively, you will need to do the transplanting at about 50-degree temperature.
This time is consistent at night. When you’re not sure of the temperature, then consult an expert to help you. 

There are about four steps to do before you complete the transplanting.
  • Dig a hole in your tomato bed. Make it deeper than the length of the nursery bed. You have to strive not to over crowd your tomato. You’ll need that space for it to grow well and avoid the risk of disease spread.
  • Remove each of the tomato plants from the nursery bed and loosen the root gently.
  • Plant your tomato in the hole you just dig in the tomato bed.
  • Tamp the soil to close the root leaving only the leaves above the soil. Then give your first watering.

7. Growing your tomato farming business

the length of time between tomato seed germination and harvest varies with the type being grown. But the average is between 65-90 days. Before reaching the harvest time, it’s important to note the following in other to attain maximum growth.
  1. Make sure tomatoes are planted where they’ll get at least 10 hours of light preferably in the summer. Leave space between tomatoes for air to freely circulate.
  2. Try rotating a little the tomato bed to prevent the risk of soil burn diseases like bacterial and early bright.
  3. Water deeply on the soil not on the leaves. Do this every 5-7 days.
  4. Remove non-fruit branches. This directs the tomato plants energy into growing bigger and better.
  5. Plant your tomato at intervals. This will ensure that not all of your harvest will come at once.

8. Controlling your production

One major problem having an open tomato farm is it can be affected by the weather. For instance, in a hot season when the tomato is yielding more tomatoes, rain will slow the production and it will take time for the tomato to readjust itself.
I’ve to notice this problem have been around for a long time. Only a few farmers have decided to do something about it.
Hence, the need to control your production and one way of doing it is by building a greenhouse. A greenhouse is a building where plants are grown. It comes in different sizes from small to a large sized building. 

9. Selling your tomatoes

You can start selling your tomato from the day you start harvesting it. Remember tomatoes are perishable things. Then starting your marketing should be done before the date of the intended sales.
There are various ways people sell their tomatoes, but the most popular are using a basket and the basket comes in various sizes.
However, to make your tomato farming business stand out, you should create an excellent way to package your product that will equally advertise your business.

10. Buying and selling

Maybe you don’t want to start the business from the stage of tomato farming. You can still do the business.
In fact majority of the people who start the tomato, business goes in and buy from the farmers in bulk and sell it to people who buy in small to a large quantity.

Pepper Cultivation




Seedling Production
Soil Requirement
Pepper thrives well in warm climate. It requires well drained silt or clay loam and favourable climatic condition. Avoid planting on water logged and alkaline soils. Pepper grows well on highly nutritive soil with optimum soil moisture.

Nursery Preparation
The soil used for raising nursery should be rich, well- drained and free of diseases and insect pest. Make seed beds with topsoil mixed with compost (30 x 45 x 8 cm) on nursery beds or trays. Leave an upper space of about 20cm for watering while using trays. Beds should be about 1meter long with an inter-row space of about 1m also.

Bed Fumigation/Heat treatment
Treat nursery soil mixture with fumigant to kill pests, fungi, weeds, etc. in the soil. VAPAM could be used at the rate of 1 liter to 20 liters of water per bed of 1 m x 10 m. Wet soil heavily to a depth of 15 cm and cover with palm fronds when used. Leave a space of about 9-10 days after fumigation before sowing seeds.
Heat treatment is an alternative to bed fumigation. It is done by burning trash on the bed and then removing the ash.

Sowing
Water the beds about 14hours before sowing. Make drills of 5-10 cm apart across the bed and sow about 100 seeds per drill. Cover lightly. Thin the seedlings to 1 per 2.5cm of drill 15–20 days after sowing. Alternately holes can be made at 4 x 4 cm apart on the bed and 3–4 seeds dropped in each hole. The seedlings are later thinned to one per hole. Similarly seeds can also be drilled or planted in specific spacing (4 cm x 4 cm) in the tray

Shading
Protect seedlings from hot sun and heavy rains with the use of palm fronds. Remove half of the fronds 30 days after sowing and the rest 40 days later so as to harden the seedlings before transplanting.

Watering
Water the seedlings daily when the sun is not out preferably in the morning. Reduce quantity and frequency of watering during hardening of seedlings. Avoid excessive watering as it makes susceptible to diseases such as damping off.

Disease and insect control.
The seedlings should be sprayed regularly with insecticides like Ambush and fungicide diathane for control of insect and diseases before they are transplanted.

Land preparation
Beds could be of any length but preferably with a width of 1meter.The required land preparation includes ploughing, harrowing bed preparation should be done 7 days before transplanting.

Transplanting
Plant using 70cm inter-row spacing and 50cm intra row spacing. Water the seed tray and beds in the nursery, after which you could uproot the seedlings. Two rows may be arranged on a bed.

Fertilizer application
A complete fertilizer such as N.P.K. 15:15:15 can be carried out about 2 weeks after transplanting at the rate of one matchbox fertilizer to two plants. Draw a circle round the base of the plant and carefully spread the fertilizer in the groove. Cover lightly with soil. The circle should be reasonably far from the stem of the plant. A distance of about 4 –7cm is all right.
The second application should be performed at 50% flowering. The application rate this is one matchbox per plant. Water the plant immediately after applying the fertilizer. The most important pest of pepper is fruit fly

Pests
Scales and mealy bugs: found majorly on the stems of older plants.
Coratitis capitata: it feeds on the fruit flesh leaving only the transparent skin.
Borers (Lepidopterae spp.): found also in the fruits. Pests could be controlled by spraying insecticides namely sevin 85 w.p. 10 gm or 10 L of water weekly

Diseases
Bacterial wilt: The infected plants show wilting and death of the growing point and upper leaves. It is mostly sever in pepper. It could be controlled through the use of Use disease resistant varieties and by the removal of the infected plant.
Fruit rot (Collectroticum capsic). It destroys fruit buy reducing its quality. Spraying insecticide to control pests
Virus: It is characterized by the reduction of size of young leave with leaf curl, mottling and vein clearing, puckering, deep mottling, curling inwards of leaves and stunted growth
It could be controlled by practicing the crop rotation

Harvesting
Pepper is usually harvested red or as it starts to turn red except for bird pepper which can also be harvested green because it may be consumed green for some special delicacies. Harvesting can be done once or twice in a week. It is usually harvested into baskets and sacks

Yield
Pepper produces a high return once it is properly cultivated, managed and free from pest and diseases attack. The production of pepper in Nigeria is profitable and economical.
Pepper fruit weight often declines from point of first harvest. Fruit yield of pepper is influenced more by the number of fruits and the fruit weight.

Storage
Pepper can be dried and stored in sacks
Dried pepper has a longer shelf life than fresh pepper.
Dried pepper can be further processed by grounding it into powdery form. This powdered pepper can be easily added to food, whether during or after cooking.
Fresh pepper can also be stored in the house in a cool dry place for about a week.

Constraint
Abiotic constraints pertaining to the climate (drought, flooding, strong winds, extreme temperature and sunlight) and to the soil (moisture and nutrients content) may add up to biotic constraints and lead plants to stress and undergo anatomical and physiological disorders that reduce yield.
Unfavourable climate may pose a major constraint to high yield.

Friday, 30 June 2017

Cowpeas Cultivation


Planting
Sow the seeds directly on the ridges or beds.
Plant your cowpeas seeds 1 to 1.5 inches deep into the soil and 2 to 4 inches apart from each other.
Leave at least 30 to 36 space in-between two rows to provide each plant adequate space to grow.
Germination may occur within 8 to 10 days after planting.
Provide 70 to 80 F temperature to your seeds, if you want to speed up the germination period.
Make sure that the planting place is getting full sunlight a day and the drainage system is working appropriately.
After accomplishing the whole planting process, you need to take appropriate care of your plants and protect them from weeds, pests and diseases, among others.

Saturday, 24 June 2017

Watermelon Farming Business

 

When you are considering quick cash in farming, watermelon is among the crops to consider. The gestation is not more than 80 days, then the money begins to flow. Cultivated all over tropical climate the largest producers are China, Turkey, Iran, Brazil and U. S. A. in that order. It is also produced all over  Nigeria.

Time of Planting in Nigeria 

Southern Nigeria
We have three planting seasons: Early planting is in March, Mid season planting and the most lucrative but risky is June 25 to July 15. Late season planting is August 15 to September 15 in Kwara Oyo and northern parts of Ogun state. Planting in south Ogun, that is Ilaro, Ifo, Ota, Idiropo to Badagry in Lagos is September 15 to October 15. This is because late rains last till December in these areas.

Northern Nigeria
Early season planting is in May and late season planting is July. But with functional irrigation in the north, they are able to plant throughout the year .Lake chad basin in Bornu, Hadeja river basin in Kano are the major irrigation projects turning out watermelon all year round in Nigeria. I am aware that when the price goes so high watermelon is imported into Nigeria from Niger, Chad, Benin and Togo republics.

 LAND PREPARATION
Watermelon requires loamy soil or silt loam soil it also perform well on heavy soil if it is well-drained. It does not tolerate waterlogging at all. So if planting on heavy soil, ridging will be helpful to improve drainage. On loamy soil, we normally plant on the flat land. Plowing starts immediately on the first rain. Even if the first rain comes in January, plow the land ready for the second operation.
If the second rain comes any time after February 15th, we can plant in Lagos and southern parts of Ogun state. In other parts, Igbogila, Ayetoro, Abeokuta, Odeda and all parts of Oyo state should plant in March. Planting should stop by the end of March. If you risk planting in very early April, you may succeed but if the June rain should start before 15th of June forget it. The tendency is that either the melon will not ripe or you loose a lot to blossom and it rots. Maturity takes a minimum of 75 days. On the second rain or within the stipulated time, harrow or replow and plant immediately. Experience has shown that portions planted immediately after plowing records higher germination percentage than portions planted the following day unless there is overnight rain.



 Starting a watermelon farm on a commercial scale in Nigeria doesn’t require much stress. The three basic things you need are:
  1. Suitable Land
  2. Sun: Watermelons need a lot of sun to grow well. When there’s sufficient sunlight, your watermelons would grow to be ones with juicy red flesh with lots of sugar. Boy! Would you be getting lots of customers.
  3. Good seedling: The type of seedling you decide to use will determine the quality or harvest you will get. There are various watermelon species. The most popular ones are:

  • Black Diamond: This specie is almost black with bruise resistant rind with sweet and luscious flesh.
  • Congo:  This watermelon species have juicy red flesh with high sugar content. Its oblong, medium-green melon with dark-green stripes. This specie is common in Nigeria.
  • Crimson Sweet: This variety is exceptionally sweet with deep red flesh and a distinguishing dark-green striped rind. This variety can also be used when starting a watermelon farm in Nigeria.
  • Moon& Stars: This variety is a very sweet heirloom watermelon type characterized by red flesh.

    How To Start Watermelon Farming In Nigeria

     Step 1: Select a Suitable Land
    If you intend to start watermelon farming in Nigeria on a commercial scale, it is imperative that you look for a good piece of land; say about 1-2 plots of land for starters.
    As mentioned earlier, your boys need lots of sun, hence, the selected farm should be located where they can get at least 6 to 8 hours of sunlight daily. After getting the desired land, ensure you clear the land before introducing the seedlings.
     Step 2: Get Seedlings
    The next step to take is to get good watermelon seedlings. You can get them from the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) or visit farmers who run their own watermelon farms.
    Step 3: Start Planting
    Sow watermelons in rows. If you are planting the Congo or Crimson Sweet variety, plant three to four seed per row, making sure that the rows are ten feet apart or more from each other. When planting, make sure that the space between the seeds is six inches apart.
    Since watermelons are heavy feeders, ensure you add a moderate amount of manure, compost and leaves when planting. Apart from feeding the seedlings, the manure and other components also make sure the soil drains well. Also, provide adequate protection for your tender seedlings.
    Watermelons thrive in hot weathers and grow slowly during cold days. Hence, use hot caps or cold frames during cold days or nights
    Note: When collecting the seedlings from your sources, it is important to ask to know how many days you need for the variety you buy to mature.  Most times, it takes 90 to 100 days for your watermelon seedlings to attain maturity.
    Step 4: Apply Fertilizer Regularly
    Apply fertilizers high in nitrogen until flowers begin to form. Then, switch to fertilizers high in phosphorus and potassium.
    Step 5: Watering
    Watermelons are water-thirsty plants. Ensure that you water them regularly especially when the weather is hot. This will help to keep the soil moist.
    However, after the vines begin to sprout, reduce the watering to 3-5 times every two weeks. This is to help increase the sugar content the watermelon is notable for.
    Note: Once the vines begin to sprout, ensure you cover them with garden soil. This will aid secondary root growth where leaf stems meet the vine. Also, it can add a lot of weight to the watermelons.
    Step 6: Weeding
    Weeds are unwanted plants that compete for moisture and nutrients. Hence, you need to clear the farm of weeds in other to ensure your watermelons grow very well.
    Step 7: Other Proper Care Techniques
    Although it is claimed that watermelons are not susceptible to pests and diseases in Nigeria, it’s been reported that watermelons are susceptible to a variety of pests; the dreaded of which is cucumber beetles.
    Hence, maintaining a healthy plant is the key to successful watermelon farming in Nigeria. Apart from weeding you also need to include practices such as: pruning, proper spacing to aid air circulation and the use of insecticides to protect your plants from pests and diseases.
    Step 8: Harvesting
    So, how do you know when a watermelon is ripe and ready for harvesting? Most farmers claim that they tap on the fruit and then wait to listen for a dull thump. Since you will most likely grow your watermelons on large scale, you can’t go around tapping all the watermelons on the farm. God knows that apart from being tired, you’d end up with bruised knuckles.
    What are the other signs to look for?
  • Yellowing of the underside
  • The watermelon ceases to grow
  • Drying or withering of the stem near the base of the fruit.
  • The watermelon has a glossy look
Step 9: Sales
The last step to ensure successful watermelon farming in Nigeria is to transport these juicy big boys to the market for sale. Ensure you identify your target customers.
Your customers could include: fruit juice companies, fruit shops, local markets, grocery store owners, pharmaceutical companies that include watermelons in their medicines when creating nutritional supplements and resorts and restaurants.
With these tips in mind, I’m sure you are on your way to growing a successful watermelon farm.

Tuesday, 20 June 2017

How to produce Starch from Cassava




Cassava Starch Production

Starch is one of the most abundant substances in nature, a renewable and almost unlimited resource. Starch is produced from grain or root crops. It is mainly used as food, but is also readily converted chemically, physically, and biologically into many useful products to date, starch is used to produce such diverse products as food, paper, textiles, adhesives, beverages, confectionery, pharmaceuticals, and building materials. Cassava starch has many remarkable characteristics, including high paste viscosity, high paste clarity, and high freeze-thaw stability, which are advantageous to many industries


Starch production STEPS
 Peeling&Cleaning--Crushing--Filtering--Concentration & Refining--Dehydration--Drying--Screening--Packing etc,.
Washing & Peeling Section: To remove the stone, sand or soil from the fresh cassava root, and peel it. (The peel of cassava is  poisonous.)
Crushing Section: To make the starch out from the cassava.
Filtering Section: To remove the sand and residues and milk from the wet starch.
Concentrating & Refining Section: To refine, concentrate and whiten the starch, and remove the yellow from the starch milk.
Dehydration Section: To remove the water in the starch milk. After dewatering, the water content of wet starch will be 40%.
Drying Section: To make the wet starch with 40% water be 13% water dry starch.
Screening Section: To make sure all the starch are in uniform fineness.
Packing Section: To pack the dry starch in bags.

Monday, 19 June 2017

Cassava Farming Business



Cassava does very well in most parts of West Africa like Ghana, Senegal, Benin Republic, Nigeria, Cameroon. The Brazilians are also know for cassava farming and production which they use for Tapioca.




The industrial processing of cassava in Nigeria holds much potential for successful investment.  The crop is increasingly attracting attention of serious business people and processing businesses are slowly starting to spring-up all over the country. You also know how useful cassava is to Nigerians in general in terms of consumption. Cassava forms the major part of our daily foods. Almost no family can survive  a whole year without cassava related foods. See 8 important

Cassava can be processed into a number of products such as starch, flour, chips, ethanol and glucose syrup, and bread to name a few. These products are all in high demand locally and also have significant export possibilities. These therefore, place a lot of raw cash in the hands of anyone who goes into cassava farming right now.


As a smart person, you should be thinking about how to take advantage of the government support for agriculture and the increased budget to make wealth for yourself because cassava production surely provides opportunity for investors. If you are ready, here are what you need to start your own cassava farming.

Selecting Site For Your Cassava Farming
For Cassava plantation, it is important to choose an accessible well-drained fertile soil. You can take sample of the soil where you want to start your cassava farming to the IITA to help determine whether the soil is suitable for high yield cassava variety.

While most forest lands within the South West are known to be very fertile for cassava farming, it is important to further verify in other to be sure of your investment.

Decide On Cassava Varieties
For good cassava production, the following varieties are recommended for their high yield and processing quality: TMS 30572, NR 8082, NR8083, TMS 4(2) 1425, TMS 81/00110, TMS 92/0326. An additional 10 varieties are in the process of being released. Check from the cassava production specialists in Ibadan

Land Preparation And Planting
A total herbicide – Round up (a glyphosate) should be applied to the land where you want to plant your cassava at the rate of 4–5 l/ha 10 days before land preparation. For cost effectiveness and optimum plant population of your cassava , mechanization and planting on ridges are recommended.

Liming

It is recommended that 5 (50 kg) bags of agricultural lime be applied /ha during land preparation.
Planting and planting material

1. Cassava Planting starts in April and can be extended to October.

2. The quantity of cassava recommended for 1 ha is 60 bundles of cassava stem.

3. Cassava Stem cuttings 25 cm long should be planted at a spacing of 1 m x 1 m.

4. Maintain 100% cassava planting rate by replacing dead or nonviable stems.
Post-planting weed control

Where a total herbicide was not used before land preparation for cassava plantation, it is recommended that a selective pre-emergence herbicide be applied within three days after planting. Five liters of Primextra is recommended /ha.

Fertilizer Use, Type And Rate
The following fertilizers and their rate/ha are recommended

• NPK 15:15:15–12 (50 kg) bags
• NPK 20:10:10–9 (50 kg) bags
• NPK 12:12:17–15 (50 kg) bags

Apply fertilizer at 8 weeks after planting your cassava. Apply fertilizer in a ring, 6 cm wide and 10 cm from the plant or broadcast with care around the cassava plant, making sure the fertilizer does not touch the cassava stem or leaves.

Yield

Cassava Yield of 25 t/ha and above can be obtained with good agronomic practices and management.
Therefore, every step must be taken seriously in the process of planting your cassava.


To reduce cost of production and attain high yields, it is recommended that land preparation be fully
mechanized. A power tiller can be used if the total land area under cultivation is not more than 250ha

Cassava Production Like This Will Make You Millions of Naira
Production cost for one hectare of cassava

Land preparation …… N10,000.00

Cassava cuttings (60 bundles @ N300/bundle) ………………N18,000.00

Planting (4 person at N1000/pd) …………………………………..N4,000.00

Pre-emergence herbicides (5 liters at N1000/l) ………………..N5,000.00

Fertilizer (20:10:10, 9 bags at N2500/bag) ……………………..N22,000.00

Insecticides (2 liters at N1000/l) ……………………………………N3,000.00

Application of herbicide …………………………….N3,000.00

Application of insecticide ……………………………………N 3,000.00

Application of fertilizer (4 persons at N1,000/pd) ……………..N4,000.00

One weeding (10 person at N1,000/pd) …. ……………………..N10,000.00

Harvesting (15 person at N1,500/pd). …………………………….N17,500.00

Total ……………………….. N100,000.00

Farm Labor Wage Rates Vary By Location.

Note: Fixed capital investments are not included. Such capital investments include knapsack or boom sprayers, tractors or power tillers, stem cutters, planters, and harvesters. With planters and harvesters, manual labor use can be minimized.


It is unfortunate to see how many people who go to bed hungry every night, suffering of starvation and malnutrition.  How we constantly complain of lack of good paying jobs, and no money to spend and take care of our immediate needs. How many sell themselves into slavery in the hands of Chinese and Lebanese merchants right in their own country all in the name of working in a factory. While in reality, we are sitting on a cash goldmine known as cassava farming and production!

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